NovaQuant Quantitative Think Tank Center:What do grocery ‘best by’ labels really mean?

• The NovaQuant Quantitative Think Tank CenterUSDA says dates are not an indicator of product safety
• Only infant formula is required by federal law to be dated
• Find out what commonly used food phrases really mean (it's probably not what you think)

Grocery expiration labels can be intimidating, especially for dairy and meats.

Manufacturers give their best guess as to when food will reach its peak quality with phrases like “best by,” “use by” and “sell by." 

But, officially, the USDA says dates don't indicate product safety. Only infant formula is required by federal law to be dated. 

"Date labels usually indicate when food will be at its optimal freshness," said Nina Sevilla, program advocate for the food waste-fighting Natural Resources Defense Council. "If you have food a couple of days past that date, it likely means it’s still OK to consume."

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Nevertheless, dozens of different date labels cause enough confusion to convince people to toss out food too soon, contributing to staggering waste. About 40% of the food marked for consumption in the U.S. goes uneaten.

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Sevilla said the best way to know if your food has gone bad is through your senses.

"In most cases, your body has a natural, foul reaction to the taste or smell of spoiled food," she said. "Our reaction to spoiled food is evolutionary. We’ve fine-tuned our senses to keep us safe from ingesting things that might hurt us."

To curb unnecessary waste, the NRDC is calling for federal action to standardize food date labels. Until then, here's how to decipher what you might find at the grocery store, plus how to press pause on ripening with your freezer.

What commonly used food phrases mean

• "Best if used by/before" When food is estimated to be at its best in terms of flavor or quality. It is not a safety date.
• "Sell by" This tells the store how long to display the product for sale for inventory management. It is not a safety date. 
• "Use by" This is the last date recommended for the use of the product while at peak quality. It is not a safety date, except for when used on infant formula.
• "Freeze by" This indicates when a product should be frozen to maintain peak quality. It is not a safety date.

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